Taking a Look at Teenage Depression - 585 Words

Depression is a very common mental illness among teens now-a-days specially girls. It is the feeling you get when the world seems to be coming to an end but how could the world end for teens that are just at the beginning of their life? Most adults underestimate the feelings of sadness that teenagers feel. They don’t understand what these teenagers are going through and they don’t see it as a real problem, but what they don’t know is that it’s actually a huge problem among a lot of teens right now. So what is teenage depression? â€Å"Teen depression is a serious medical problem that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities. It affects how your teen thinks, feels and behaves, and it can cause emotional, functional and physical problems.† Depression is the feeling when you are surrounded by a lot of people but still feel lonely, when you blame yourself for everything going wrong around you, when you can’t cope with the world and just want to end your life. Depression is when you feel like there’s nothing ahead of you. It is when you feel you’re never good enough. Depression is when you feel like an outcast, no matter how many friends you have. Depression is not about telling people you have it, depression is undetectable in many ways. People who are depressed will never let you know they are depressed. They are masters at hiding their feeling and putting on a fake smile. Depression is not something you can just get over. Depression is when you feelS how MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Teenage Depression1434 Words   |  6 PagesDepression: severe despondency and dejection typically felt over a period of time and accompanied by feelings of hopelessness and inadequacy. Depression: a debilitating mental and physical disorder. Depression: an illness that has an uncountable amount of treatments within reach of anyone who suffers, yet in the US alone over 2000 children between the age of 10 and 19 completed in ending their life (National Alliance on Mental Illness). As Kevin Breel speaks about his struggle with trying to allowRead MoreThe Problem Of Teenage Girls1343 Words   |  6 Pagesfor teenage girls to live up to the standards presented to them. Seventy-four percent of teenage girls say there is a lot of pressure when it come to pleasing everyone (Girls Inc, The Supergirl Dilemma). That percentage is astronomically high. Females this young should not have to worry about things as superficial as looks at this age. Teenage years a re supposed to be the best years of a person’s life and time should not be wasted on worrying about body image. The pressure imposed on teenage femalesRead MoreEssay on Sexually Active Teens1287 Words   |  6 Pagesbe a time filled with uncertainty and excitement. Boys and girls alike worry about their looks, grades, peer pressure, dating, and their futures. When sex is added to the mix, another layer of anxiety or concern can bring about more complications to an already overwhelmed teen. The consequences of becoming sexually active during adolescence can include pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and depression. One obvious consequence teens face when they become sexually active is pregnancy. PregnancyRead MoreTeen Suicide1415 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract Teenage suicide is the number two cause of death for teens today. While the questions of why can never be answered for certain there are numerous risk factors that can go into the reasoning for a teen taking their own life. Factors include family problems, bullying, and sexual orientation, but other problems are just natural changes in the developmental process of teenagers. Cognitive and identity development and seeking autonomy are all instinctive aspects of being a teenager, but whenRead MoreShould I Drink This Beer? Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluence you to do something in either a good or bad way. Peer pressure can be shown in many different types of situations such as when drugs and alcohol come into an adolescent s life, worrying about their body image, and teenage sex, as well as dealing with bullying, and depression. Peer pressure shows up the most when adolescents come in contact with drugs and alcohol while they are with friends. Kathiann Kowalski from the book Teens at Risk says that â€Å"Teenagers are particularly vulnerable to peerRead MoreThe Growing Problem of Teenage Depression in Todays Society Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesThe Growing Problem of Teenage Depression in Todays Society Teenage depression is a growing problem in todays society and is often a major contributing factor for a multitude of adolescent problems. The statistics about teenage runaways, alcoholism, drug problems, pregnancy, eating disorders, and suicide are alarming. Even more startling are the individual stories behind these statistics because the young people involved come from all communities, all economic levels, and all home situations-anyonesRead MoreTeen Depression : Can We Save Our Teens? Essay1584 Words   |  7 PagesFernando Velarde English 1020 Ms. Campbell 28 November 2016 Research Paper: Teen Depression how can we save our teens Depression, the dark illness of the mind that grabs you by the throat controlling what you need to do and to say. In this dark state of mind no joy goes through a person, no matter how hard they try it will not penetrate the soul. Suffocating in thoughts of sadness, hopelessness, and anger presses your mind including torturing your soul on a daily bases. I know I haveRead MoreShould Tennagers Be Allowed to Get Birth Control Without Parent Consent?1727 Words   |  7 Pagespregnancy and the female and the male condoms help protect against HIV and sexually transmitted diseases (STD). This raises the question, should teenagers be allowed to receive birth control methods without their parents’ permission. The answer is teenage girls should not be allowed to receive birth control without parent consent. There are many reasons why birth control methods should not be available to teenagers without their parent’s knowledge. Among the reasons are because this encouragesRead MoreResearch Paper : Depression And Suicide1539 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Paper: Depression and Suicide Imagine in a place where everyone that you knew all displayed depression and everyone lead to giving up. And you were the only one that saw the world as a beautiful place. How would you help others in need? There would be no one trying to help one another and you were the only one that wanted to help everyone else. What if everyone you knew were getting hurt all the time and were always fighting for no real reason what would you say to try to help them get backRead MoreWhat are Eating Disorders?1373 Words   |  5 Pagessupposed to look. Models, Disney princesses, and even Barbie dolls have one body type: thin. It seems like every girl’s dream is to someday be like them. They want to be thin and pretty like the models they see on television and in magazines or like the Barbies they play with every day. The desire could often become an obsession and young girls often see thinness as being a needed characteristic. For many girls, the teenage through college years are spent tryi ng to acquire this look. Females are

The Black Death - 910 Words

In a time when God was everything, death came among the rich, poor, sinners, and religious people in western Europe. Could this be retribution for the people’s sins and God has a plan, or would this be the fatal disease that would lead people to question their faith in God? Giovanni Boccaccio saw first hand what the Black Death did to his country, how disease flooded throughout and death was inevitable. Everything was changing, people were losing faith, the preservation of food, and simple customs like burial rituals started to disappear. Health and Religion were the key factors in the changing and modernization of early western Europe, these reflect on the poor hygiene, social order, decline in old customs and faith issues that occurred in the late Medieval world. The Black Death had made its way to the west, people knew by the many signs of sickness that they would only have a couple of days left to live. The main symptom of the pestilence was a large tumor that would turn into black or gray spots around the body, which was â€Å"an infallible token of approaching death†. Western Europe was scrambling to find answers as to what was happening to their people, doctors were unable to provide medicine or cures for the diseased people. More people becoming ill, it became difficult to keep towns clean, the smell of dead bodies filled the air, and people began to leave the city with no hope for a cure. Boccaccio recounts a time when he witnessed â€Å"The rags of a poor man who died ofShow MoreRelatedThe Black Of Black Death939 Words   |  4 Pageshistory few events seem as cataclysmic as the Black Death. The Black Death was actually one of the most deadly pandemics in human history. This awful pandemics most devastating time in Europe was between 1348 and 1350. According to some estimates it wiped out at least two-thirds of Europe’s population. A Malmesbury monk from Wiltshire wrote that, â€Å"Over England as a whole a fifth og men, women and children were carried to the grave.† (James â€Å"Black Death: The lasting impact†) Many epidemiologists stillRead MoreThe Death Of The Black Death1148 Words   |  5 PagesThe Black Death, one of the greatest natural disaster to hit Europe thus causing the death of many people in the most horrific manner and cause the end of feudalism. This was a disaster that affected one third of the European continent and also one that no one was prepared to face. It killed more people than during a war and it impacted simple lives of people, their culture, religion and the economy as a whole. The origin of The Black Death has several explanations. Some people said The Black DeathRead MoreThe Death Of The Black Death905 Words   |  4 Pagesgrew were dying. On the wake of these seven distressing years of weather and famine was the greatest plague of all times, The Black Death. In 1347 AD, The Black Death began spreading throughout Western Europe. Over the time span of three years, the widespread epidemic killed one third of the population in Europe with pretty near twenty five million people dead. The Black Death killed many more Europeans than any other endemic or war up to that time, vastly impacting the Church, the people, and the economyRead MoreThe Death Of The Black Death1380 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Death was a very important time in history and, while devastating, it led to many advances in medicine due to the mass spread of a new deadly disease. The 14th Century encompassed the time period of January 1, 1301 to December 31, 1400. When this disease struc k, Ole J. Benedictow calculates that it killed about 50 million people in Europe alone, which was about 60% of Europe’s population at the time. That being said, the Black Death, often referred to as the Bubonic Plague, clocked inRead MoreThe Death Of The Black Death2017 Words   |  9 PagesThe Black Death The pandemic known to history as the Black Death was one of the world’s worst natural disasters in history. It was a critical time for many as the plague hit Europe and â€Å"devastated the Western world from 1347 to 1351, killing 25%-50% of Europe’s population and causing or accelerating marked political, economic, social, and cultural changes.† The plague made an unforgettable impact on the history of the West. It is believed to have originated somewhere in the steppes of central AsiaRead MoreThe Black Death831 Words   |  4 PagesTHE BLACK DEATH! What Is The Black Death? The Black Death is a disease that went on for over 5 years. It also spread around a wide range of places! It killled and harmed thousands upon thousands of people and had no mercy. If you were to sadly catch the Black Death, you would DEFINITELY die and there was many cures and causes however none of the causes actually worked also all of causes were thought to be a punishment from God. Once you knew you had the Black DeathRead MoreThe Black Death1386 Words   |  6 Pagesatrocious and it made the perfect place for Yersinia Pestis to thrive. Yersinia Pestis is the virus responsible for the Black Death, a deadly disease that rapidly powered through Europe, killing nearly all of the people in its way. The Black Death had a lot of gruesome and terrifying symptoms that made bystanders sick just watching. Certain people were more likely to acquire the Black Death than others. Since peasants had worse living conditions than the nobility, they were far more likely to catch theRead MoreThe Black Death1386 Words   |  6 Pagesatrocious and it made the perfect place for Yersinia Pestis to thrive. Yersinia Pestis is the virus responsible for the Black Death, a deadly disease that rapidly powered through Europe, killing nearly all of the people in its way. The Black Death had a lot of gruesome and terrifying symptoms that made bystanders sick just watching. Certain people were more likely to acquire the Black Death than others. Since peasants had worse living conditions than the nobility, they were far more likely to catch theRead MoreThe Black Death1349 Words   |  6 Pagesatrocious and it made the perfect place for Yersinia Pestis to thrive. Yersinia Pestis is the virus responsible for the Black Death, a deadly disease that rapidly powered through Europe, killing nearly all of the people in its way. The Black Death had a lot of gruesome and scary symptoms that made bystanders sick just watching. Certain people were more likely to acquire the Black Death than others. Since peasants had worse living conditions than the nobility, they were far more likely to catch the PlagueRead MoreThe Black Death1203 Words   |  5 PagesWhat were the short term and long term impacts of the Black Death on Medieval society? The Black Death is one of the most fatal diseases in human history and took its peak in Europe from 1348 to 1350. Half of Europe’s population was wiped out due to this disease and the short and long term impacts greatly affected the structure of Medieval Society. The Black Death or otherwise known as the plague was thought to have begun in Central Asia, which spread down the Silk Road and eventually to Europe

Why Does Zach Like Those Essay Example For Students

Why Does Zach Like Those Essay So Much?Zach DotseyEnglish 101 Section 3012 December, 1996Third and Final DraftWhen many people hear about the X-Men, they think of a silly kids comic book,but that is not so. X-Men, actually most comic books in general, are a unique blend oftwo classic art forms; drawings, sometimes even paintings, and storytelling. A comic artistmust be able to convey the right mood and feeling for his or her art. They must also beable to fluidly tell a story and fit it all in the allotted number of pages. The stories oftenprobe deep into the human psyche, questioning what is right and what is wrong orshowing human frailty. That is not all. In a series like the X-Men, where there are at leasta few hundred characters, past and present, leading and supporting, even dead and alive,the writer must keep track of a characters experiences and their personality. They mustalso keep track of continuity, making sure they dont contradict past events. This last ruleis only loosely followed sometimes. All in all , a long, ongoing story can be like a soap opera. My favorite example ofthis is The Summers Family, Which goes a little something like this: There are twobrothers, Scott and Alex Summers, who were orphaned as children when they werepushed from a plane being attacked by an advanced alien race. Their mother died but theirfather went on to become a space pirate. Later, Scott falls in love with Jean Grey, who becomes an omnipotent primal force,the Phoenix, who commits suicide to save the universe from herself. Meanwhile, a badguy has made a clone of Jean named Maddie, who marries Scott. They have a baby,Nathan. Jean returns from the dead, not actually having been the Phoenix, but actually abody template. Scott leaves his family and joins a team of super heroes with Jean andsome other old friends. Well, Maddie becomes a bad guy and apparently dies. Later, the baby, Nate, isinfected by another bad guy with an incurable virus, so hes sent 2000 years into the futurewhere he grows up then co mes back to help fight the good fight. Nate was brought intothe future by a group of people pulled together by his older sister. His older sister is Rachel, who was born in an alternate timeline where almost allthe good guys were dead. Her parents were Scott and the real Jean. She came back toprevent her time from ever happening and ended up about 2000 years in the futurebecause a friend was stuck traveling about in the time stream. Meanwhile Alex feels that he cannot live up to Scotts standards so he constantlytries to escape his shadow. He gets brainwashed into being a bad guy, recovers to lead agroup of good guys, and gets brainwashed again. Great family history, no? Oh yes, there may be another brother aroundsomewhere. We will write a custom essay on Why Does Zach Like Those specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The X-Men are all mutants, Homo Sapien Superior, the next evolutionary step forhuman beings, a minority group of people with a genetic quirk, an X-Factor that grantsthem extraordinary powers. Some are blessings, like the ability to control the weather orto fly. Some are curses, such as the ability to blast uncontrollably strong beams of forcefrom the eyes. Blessed or cursed, mutants are a group of people who are feared for theirdifferences. Some mutants strike back against humanity in a harmful manner. One groupwho attacks regular humans is the Acolytes, formerly lead by the X-Mens oldest enemy,Magneto. They have attacked hospitals and orphanages just to cleanse the genepool. Some strive to bridge the gap between mutant and human. These are the X-Men, a groupof mutants, formed by Professor Charles Xavier, the worlds strongest telepath, sworn toprotect a world that fears and hates them. The X-Men comics are not just aboutprejudice either. They tackle many social issues, such as aborti on and AIDS. The original team of X-Men consisted of five teen-agers and Xavier (ProfessorX). These were not as popular as other titles of the times such as Superman, Batman,Spiderman, The Fantastic Four, and The Avengers. The early stories were basically abouta supergroup that went around facing super bad guys and some prejudice now and then. After sixty-odd issues, X-Men started just reprinting old stories. This went on for aboutthirty issues when the book was going to be canceled. The X-Men were saved by thecreative team of Dave Cockrum, John Byrne, and Terry Austin with Giant Sized X-Men#1. Giant Sized X-Men #1 introduced an all-new, all-different X-Men. This boastedin a new team of mutants. The new team of X-Men was multi-racial and multi-national,whereas the original team was a bunch of white American kids. It was also a very radicalteam, considering the time period (the late seventies). Since the book was scheduled to becanceled, the creators decided to be a little bit radical in their approach to this dying comicbook. The person who took over field command was Storm, an African native. Think ofthat, a black woman leading a superhero comic book team, a role she usurped from ayoung white male (Cyclops). It was quite a change from the norm. There was also ayoung Russian, Colossus, during a time when Russians were taboo in America. The others in the team were Wolverine, a Canadian, whose violent nature was verydifferent from the boy scout types like Superman. There were also Sunfire from Japan,Banshee from Ireland, Nightcrawler (no, he is not a worm) from Germany, andTh underbird, an Apache Indian. One thing that made this group of X-Men stand out wasthat on the first mission for the new team, issue #95, they killed off Thunderbird, anextremely new and radical thing. About 40 issues later they killed off one of the largemainstay characters, Jean Grey, who was a founding member. Of course, as I explainedearlier, she came back a few years later, but it was a really big thing at the time. That X-Men team went on many adventures, saved galaxies and all reality, andbuilt up a huge supporting cast, paving the way for spin-off books. A current list ofX-Men books includes the following titles; Uncanny X-Men, X-Men, X-Factor, X-Force(originally New Mutants), Excalibur, Generation X, X-Man, Wolverine, Cable, andDeadpool, not to mention a lot of four issue limited series titles. .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0 , .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0 .postImageUrl , .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0 , .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0:hover , .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0:visited , .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0:active { border:0!important; } .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0:active , .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0 .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9523efa518227b1581ed92778e0081c0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Volkswagen EssaySo, you may be asking, where does all the social stuff come in? Well, it startedcoming into play early on, with the first group of X-Men. People began to realize what itcould mean to have people being born with great super powers. They began to feel afraidand obsolete. One man, Dr. Bolivar Trask, played on these fears and built giant robots tocapture and control mutants. I believe this was around issue #15. They were calledSentinels and have been a recurring problem for they X-Men. This parallels to the UnitedStates government taking action against other groups of people they did not understand,such as the Indians forced onto reservations, or the blacks tha t were oppressed with lawsuntil very recently. Another government action was the Mutant Registration Act, which requiredmutants to check in with the government to the government could keep tabs on them. One storyline dealing with racism is called Days of Future Past (which I recentlybought for a total of $21, one issue is even autographed by the artist). This storyillustrates a consequence of racism out of control. In it, the Sentinels are programmed toprotect humans from all mutants. The Sentinels figure that the best way to do that is bytaking over the humans. In the end, all the heroes are dead and the Sentinels prepare tolaunch an attack on the rest of the world to save it from the mutant menace just as Europeis about to launch nuclear missiles at the conquered North America to keep the Sentinelsaway. The world is a nightmare where people are killed or shipped to concentrationcamps for being born a little differently from most others, when racism wins out overreason. Another template of a society gone mad with racism is shown in the island countryof Genosha. At one time Genosha was a thriving country, one of the most popular touristattractions in the world. It seemed perfect, everyone seemed happy. But things are notalways as they seem. Genosha was secretly taken care of by mutates, mutants who weremade to be subordinate through mindwiping techniques. The whole country, even thetransportation systems like the railroads, were run off mutate energy. All the low jobswere given to the mutates, who didnt even have mind enough to speak in protest. Eventually the X-Men helped to free the mutates, but, after failing to live peacefullytogether, a civil war broke out, leaving the once prosperous nation in ruins. The normal humans are not the only people guilty of racism in X-Men. Thefirst villain ever fought by the X-Men was Magneto, a mutant who sought to rule over themutants and crush humanity for being inferior. After being defeated time and again andeven switching sides once, Magneto decided to gather up mutants and live off of Earthand away from humans on an orbital space station called Avalon. It was eventually blownup and Magneto lost his memory then joined the X-Men again. Magneto mirrors many things tried by minorities in America. His attempts to fightback are like the Black Panthers and some Indian tribes. His separationist views are likesome of what Malcolm X thought. Then there is the inevitable attempt to fit in, whichseems to work as a temporary, surface fix. Another group who struck back out of fear was the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants,lead by Magneto, then Mystique, and now Havok. Mystiques Brotherhood was evenmore militant in some ways than Magneto was. They attempted an assassination of apresidential candidate which, if successful, would have set the Days of Future Paststoryline into actuality. They were as much, if not even more like the Indians and BlackPanthers than Magneto (until they became a government sanctioned group in return forfull pardons). Havoks group is too new to assess right now. Social organizations have also been involved in the racial issues, as they often werelong ago. There have been two prime examples of this. One was a story called GodLoves, Man Kills, where the preacher tells his clergy that mutants, having strange powers,are all hellspawn and condones hunting them down and killing them to keep the threataway and to put a little chlorine in the gene pool. This is like the Ku Klux Klan or a racistchurch one may hear about in movies or television shows. The other example is also achurch but it shows a school of more open thought. In this church, the preacherrecognizes that some of these mutants use their powers to help others and they should notbe prejudged. The X-Men are even compared to angels in this story. This shows theorganizations, such as churches, that are open to people, no matter who they are.As said earlier, the X-Men dont revolve only around prejudice, but they battleother social injustices as well. One is the fear inspired by the Legacy Virus. This is adisease that attacks a mutants genetic structure and eats it away, much like the AIDSvirus attacks and destroys a persons immune system. The X-Men have already lost someclose friends to this disease. At first it was thought that only mutants could get the virus,like it was once thought that only homosexuals or drug users could get AIDS. Then afriend of the X-Men, genetic researcher Moira MacTaggert, a normal human, contractedthe disease and panic spread like wild fire. Now all of the sudden every Tom, Dick, andHarry is afraid of catching that Mutie disease. For a while, as I remember, peoplethought one could catch AIDS by being near an infected person. That is how people seethe Legacy Virus: get near a mutant and youll catch that non-curable disease they allhave. .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e , .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e .postImageUrl , .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e , .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e:hover , .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e:visited , .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e:active { border:0!important; } .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e:active , .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2f4f415a260d25d9779ea2caef79be6e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: People Accused Of Violent Crimes Should Not Be All EssayAnother issue the mighty mutants have confronted is abortion. Is it right toprevent a life if it is known that the baby will have what is essentially a birth defect? Inone storyline in X-Factor a doctor discovers a way to tell if a fetus will be a mutant or not. This information can be passed along to the parents who can decide if they want a mutantbaby or not. In the end, Wolfsbane, a conservative Scottish Catholic lass, destroys all theresearch information the doctor has, preventing mutant abortions. Currently, anti-mutant hysteria is at an all time high. An ultra-powerfulcombination of Professor X and Magneto took control of an army of Sentinels andprogrammed them to round up super-powered people and destroy New York City. Thisamalgamated being, called Onslaught, decided he would get rid of all normal people andthen decided to just kill everybody. To destroy him, Earths popular heroes, the FantasticFour and the Avengers, sacrificed themselves. Most people view it in this way: a mutantkilled all of their favorite heroes so mutants are all evil. It also did not help the mutant cause that a popular anti-mutant presidentialcandidate was killed on live television by an as-of-now unknown mutant. No, mutants arenot riding high on Americas popularity list. The X-Men are popular outside comic books also. There is a cartoon and a comicspin off of the cartoon, since it is geared towards younger people. As Philip always pointsout, there is an X-Men ravioli out there. Clothing, shoes, video games, toys, dolls, Pezdispensers, shoestrings, you name it, the X-Men are likely to have it. So why do I like the X-Men so much? It is a combination of a lot of things. Greatstories, characters you can get attached to, beautiful art, a different perspective(everybody loves Superman, but nobody loves mutants), and social relevance. What elsecould make a better escapists world? Not only all that, but they are everywhere you turn. And now, a few of theProfessor Xavier, founder of the X-Men, telepathMagneto, first enemy of the X-Men, one-time leader, now a team mate, ability tomanipulate magnetic fieldsCyclops, first and leader of the X-Man, Phoenixs husband, fires uncontrollable opticbeamsPhoenix, Cyclops wife, founding X-Man, telekinesis (can move objects with thoughts)and telepathyBeast, founding X-Man, super strong and intelligent, hand-like feetArchangel, founding X-Man, originally had feathered wings, but they were ripped off andlater replacedIceman, founding X-Man, can turn into ice and manipulate nearby temperatureStorm, leader of second team of X-Men, manipulates weatherWolverine, most well-known X-Man, has bone claws and the ability to heal extremely fast,had indestructible metal laced bones and claws until Magneto sucked them out of himNightcrawler, now leads Excalibur, ability to teleportColossus, now with Excalibur, body transforms into an organic steel, also super strongJubilee, now with Generatio n X, formerly Wolverines sidekick, ability to producefireworksCable, son of Cyclops and a clone of Phoenix, leads X-Force, telepathy and telekinesisThere are many, many other mutants, but these are a few pretty important ones. Freak. Flatscan. Deadend. Genejoke. Mutie. Words. Powerful wordsmeant to distance to demean to destroy the havens of self respect we eachcarry and nurture within us. Seeing past their differences, humans and mutantsshare a common, unbreakable bond. Underneath all the words we are related. We are all family. -Professor Charles Francis Xavier, Uncanny X-Men #294

Sun poisoning Essay Example For Students

Sun poisoning Essay Sun poisoning affects 10 percent of women and three percent of men in the general population. Sun poisoning is a reaction to overexposure to the sun in areas of the skin most exposed to sunlight. Sun poisoning is a pimply, itchy eruption, which comes despite dark complexion or sunscreen protection. It is an allergy to the long waves of ultraviolet light (UVA), which ordinary sunscreens don’t block, regardless of how high their SPF number is. Sunburn results when the amount of exposure to the sun or other ultraviolet light source exceeds the ability of the bodys protective pigment, melanin, to protect the skin. The pain is worst between 6 and 48 hours after sun exposure. We will write a custom essay on Sun poisoning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Too much over exposure to the sun increases your risk of skin cancer. Yet millions of people every year suffer sunburns that kill off healthy skin cells and injure blood vessels close to the skins surface. Anyone who experiences one or more blistering sunburns in a lifetime doubles his or her chances of melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer that kills nearly 7,000 Americans every year. Red skin rash, sometimes with small blisters, in areas exposed to sunlight. Chills, fever/ nausea, and sometimes even, vomiting. Swelling, itching, and burning of the skin. Sun poisoning is most likely to occur during hot seasons when ultraviolet light is the strongest. It is triggered by exposure to the sun, usually in conjunction with sunburn. It is especially likely to occur in children who take medications that cause photosensitivity (increased sensitivity to ultraviolet light). The most common drugs include tetracycline antibiotics, thiazide diuretics, sulfa drugs, and oral contraceptives. Some cosmetics, including lipstick, perfume, and some soaps can also cause a photosensitive reaction in a child as well. Sun poisoning can also be caused by use of products containing retinol, vitamin A, or antibiotics. Metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus or thyroid disease. PREVENTING COMPLICATIONS OR RECURRENCEIf there is a history of sun poisoning, stay out of the sun when possible. Use a sunscreen product that contains Parsol 1789 and says UVA. Or physical sunscreens containing titanium dioxide. An antihistamine like chlortrimeton 4 mg or diphenhydramine 25 can help as well. Stay out of the sun during the hours of strongest ultraviolet light (10am-2pm). If not possible to stay out of the sun, wear protective clothing and the most protective sun-screen preparation available. To prevent a recurrence of symptoms, use Chloroquine prior to sun exposure. Bibliography:

Pike Place Market and Work Environment free essay sample

1. Preliminary Information: Stephen C. Lundin, Harry Paul, and John Christensen. Fish! A Proven Way to Boost Morale and Improve Results. New York: Hyperion, 2000. Print. 2. Summary: Fish! is the story of Mary Jane Ramirez, a mid-level manager who works at First Guarantee Financial in Seattle, and her efforts to transform her employee’s attitudes. The story starts off with Mary Jane and her family moving to Seattle due to her husband’s job relocation. Unfortunately, Mary Jane’s husband died unexpectedly from a blood clot in his brain, which left Mary Jane financially unsecure and forced her to accept a management position with First Guarantee. Mary Jane’s promotion bumped her up to the dreaded third floor, which is often referred to in the book as a â€Å"toxic waste dump†. The staff on the third floor is known for being bored, uninterested, unmotivated and not helpful to the clients that they serve. We will write a custom essay sample on Pike Place Market and Work Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Five weeks passed, and Mary Jane’s confidence was clearly shaken and all of her energy depleted, not to mention she was reporting to senior manager, Bill, who has a reputation of being very unpleasant and rude. Bill noticed the severe lack of motivation from level 3 and put Mary Jane in charge of changing the environment and the culture of level 3. With plenty of questions and no answers in sight, Mary Jane found herself at the infamous Pike Place Fish Market for lunch where she met Lonnie, a happy-go-lucky fishmonger, who gives her just the advice she needs about her situation with First Guarantee. Lonnie explained to her that Pike Place used to be exactly like First Guarantee, with the lack of motivation and the feeling that their work was boring, monotonous every single day. So, how were the fishermen at Pike Place able to turn their boring fish market into one of the most famous in the world? Lonnie explained it to Mary Jane in four simple steps. The first step, and arguably most important, is to â€Å"choose your attitude. † Choosing your attitude sounds simple enough, but it is crucial when it comes to the work environment. The second step is to â€Å"find ways to play. † This makes the work environment more fun and reduces the tension. The third step is to â€Å"be present. † This step ensures that you’re always living in the moment and not taking anything for granted. The fourth and final step is to â€Å"make their day. † This step focuses on the customers and making sure that their day was made with your interactions. With these four steps, Mary Jane was able to transform her â€Å"toxic waste dump† to a healthy working environment. Just to be sure the company follows these steps, a plaque had been made and hung in the front entrance of the headquarters that reads: â€Å"As you enter this place of work please choose to make today a great day. Your colleagues, customers, team members, and you yourself will be thankful. Find ways to play. We can be serious about our work without being serious ourselves. Stay focused in order to be present when your customers and team members most need you. And should you feel your energy lapsing, try this sure fire remedy: Find someone who needs a helping hand, a word of support, or a good ear- and make their day† (Lundin). 3. Critical Analysis: Fish! tells a wonderful and believable story about a common problem with today’s workforce. Many workplace tasks can be considered monotonous and boring, and you do whatever you can just to get through the day. In today’s world, when there is such a big emphasis on health and the overall well-being of employees, there shouldn’t be such a high rate of â€Å"toxic waste dumps†, especially when we spend a considerable amount of our time in the work place. I liked how the authors used the world famous Pike Place Fish Market as an example to demonstrate that any job on the planet can be fun and tolerable with the right mindset. As Lonnie from the fish market said, â€Å"I’m spoiled for life. I don’t think I could work in a typical market after experiencing this. As I mentioned, the market didn’t start this way. It, too, was an energy dump for many years† (Lundin). The four elements of Lonnie’s philosophy really could be applicable to any work environment in need of revamping. Starting with choose your attitude; it is probably the most simple yet effective strategy in the book. As it is stated in the book: â€Å"there is always a choice about the way you do your work, even if there is not a choice about the work itself† (Lundin). Any worker can choose their attitude that they bring to work; whether they are going to be miserable or if they are going to be happy and motivated. If you consistently choose to be in a positive mood, then odds are you will be much happier and productive in the long-run. After all, if you have to be at work, why not try and make the best out of it? The next philosophy is to play. We see this strategy come in to use for many companies today, especially Google. The general idea is that you can be serious about your work, but you can still have fun with the way you conduct your business. This shows that you are not always taking yourself so seriously, and you can understand the importance of humor even in stressful situations. If the ideology of play is incorporated in businesses, people will treat others well, workers will be more creative, the time passes more quickly, and the environment is healthier. The third philosophy is to make their day. This step is crucial when it comes to customer satisfaction. The idea is simple in theory: go out and approach customer service with the goal that you are going to make somebody’s day. When you go out of your way to give your customer a memorable experience, it enhances your company’s image and leaves a lasting impression. The fourth and final philosophy is to be present. This brings in an element of attention to the moment rather than zoning out of work. When you are not present while at work, more than likely time is being wasted staring at the clock, which also means you are not fully engaged with your clients or customers and diminishes the quality of your work. When you are present at work, all of those problems are solved and it makes you stand out from the rest of your coworkers. 4. Conclusion: Fish! is a must-read for any business that has signs of becoming a â€Å"toxic waste dump. † The book itself is short in length, and it delivers its message very clearly and effectively. The four basic philosophies discussed in the book are very simple, yet they can easily be implemented in any work environment to improve the overall atmosphere. I would recommend this book to anyone that fears their company’s work environment might be in trouble.

Dissertation

Dissertation A dissertation is always a challenge for college students. Here is a short dissertation writing guide to make this task easier. In case you need professional help team is always there for you! For any student that is about to write a dissertation, there is a lot of information that you have to assemble ensure your paper includes the relevant data for a dissertation. You also have to make sure that your work is well-researched and then it’s going to be clearly structured. Here are a few tips to guide you through the dissertation writing process. What Is a Dissertation? You might ask, â€Å"What is a dissertation and how do I set it up?† It’s best to read through sample instructions first so you understand how to read your dissertation and the difference between a dissertation and the thesis to help guide you in your work. Dissertations, so that you know, are the documents that are going to be required for you to earn your Ph.D. This document is going to be something that will generally be published but it also is going to help you to specialize in your particular field of study. DISSERTATION WRITING You may be wondering what a completed dissertation looks like. There are plenty in the library for you to peruse. When you examine them, notice how varied they are. But student life is too short to spend it in libraries, you can always count on us our professional writers will gladly  help you to conduct research. Thesis vs. Dissertation The dissertation is not the same as writing a thesis because a thesis is on a smaller scale and it’s something that’s required for graduate school. This is not the same as a dissertation which is required for your Ph.D. to get your doctorate. To give you a better understanding of the difference between a dissertation and a thesis, your dissertation is a very lengthy document that will help you get your doctoral degree at the particular college or university that you’re studying at. When you study for a thesis, and you want to prepare a thesis, this is completely different because it’s a smaller paper that’s going to help you to support a particular argument. You may look for research on a topic and expand upon that based on what you find online and other information. How to Structure and Outline a Dissertation? In understanding how to structure an outline a dissertation, there are several key steps to consider and that’s one of the reasons why you want to take your time and set up all of the different parameters so that way you have all of the information that you need. Your dissertation outline is going to help guide you through your work. That’s why you need a thorough understanding of how it needs to be structured because you actually need an outline which is more like a linear plan that’s going to guide you through. DISSERTATION FORMAT In terms of how to structure your dissertation, you want to definitely be organized in your work,  because there a lot of different sections that you have to work on. You want to build the language for your work and you also want to look at the different types of academic supporting documents you are going to use in your dissertation. How to Write a Dissertation? In understanding how to write a dissertation, there are a lot of different areas that you can tap into, but it’s best to go from the introduction to the conclusion to help you to better understand how to draft your paper in a streamlined way so that it structured and it’s clearly focused. Introduction.  The introduction is where you want to discuss what the topic is and why you are studying it. You can also mention what your focus is. Research Question.  You are going to have a research question and this is going to be the area where you’re going to ask a question and you going to explain and define all of the terms that you’re going to use throughout your dissertation. Literature References. You’re going to outline the particular parameters of literature that you’re using so this is the area where you’re going to have your literature references. As you can see this is already different from a thesis paper or a regular research paper where you would have your references at the end because this is the section where you’re going to include your key references, and who is behind any underlying theoretical ideas that you might be using. Research Methodologies. You are going to have your research methodologies. This will be the area where you may decide how you want to argue your paper and whether not you want to use pros and cons, where you pick one side versus the other. You may want to stress the analysis of the particular data that you’re using, and you may want to use the presentation of your data in terms of explaining what you found in the results that you were able to come up with. Supporters. This is a  section that’s devoted to supporters for the document. You may have counter arguments that you found in your research that goes against your beliefs or states how their opinion is worded and conclusions that they came to. You can also point out your own point of view and then your argument to support your beliefs and what you may find in common with other theorists and what they come up with. Conclusions. You’re going to go into your conclusions and you’re also going to discuss whether or not there is a need for further research. This is the segue for other students who may come behind you and work on your paper to develop their own dissertation. Bibliography and Appendixes. This is the area for your bibliography and your appendix. Any additional information that you add is going to be in this section and you’re going to include it here. List all of the references and the different types of materials that you were able to use whether that  were online videos or interviews. Dissertation Writing Tips When you write your dissertation, it has to be well organized and you also have to be very well versed in the language that you use and how you word your document. It is also very important that you keep track of your information. You also need to keep track of any areas where you found a gap in information or areas that you were not able to get research if you trying to prove a point and you couldn’t draw a conclusion from it. You need to state this in your work. The Dos and Don’ts of the Dissertation Writing Process Because your dissertation can be up to about a hundred thousand words, this is a very lengthy document that’s almost the size of a book. That’s why it has to be well-organized and it has to be very in depth. You also have to know how to write on this level to help you to get from one section to the next. There are a few dos you should focus on: You do want to consider your time management skills in assessing how your work will be laid out so that way you can clearly structure it and focus your time. As you work on your dissertation, you also want to take regular breaks and intervals to keep track of the work that you’re doing and also to allow large blocks of time so that you can focus on different sections to keep it consistent all throughout. DISSERTATION WRITING SERVICE You want to make sure you understand the purpose of your dissertation because it is a thing it is based on your ability to understand research and also offer insightful ideas into the research that you’re finding. In terms of the various types of don’ts as it relates to your dissertation, you want to make sure that you’re giving enough time to the dissertation and the work that you have to assemble, so don’t wait until the last minute. You also want to ensure that you are giving the research enough time, so don’t forget to set up a timeline and outline. You will need ample time to measure the data you’re collecting and you want to make sure that you’re developing tests that are going to coincide with and correspond to the particular hypothesis that you’re coming up with as you have to account for various variables. Because you do want to make sure that you’re allocating enough time for the work at hand, don’t take this work lightly. Jumping ahead, what does a faculty member look for in a proposal? It should be well-written Organized, with a logical flow Concise, but also complete Good grammar Are you looking for a model custom writing service? can help with your assignment!

Gene Expression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gene Expression - Essay Example Before we start to Compare and contrast transgenic methods for manipulating gene expression between Drosophila and vertebrate animals let us discuss in brief about what is gene expression and function of genes Gene expression Genes exert their effects on the phenotype. The biological information is contained in the base sequence of DNA. Gene expression is the process by which this information is made available to the cell. This has been described by the central dogma. This states that information is transferred from DNA to RNA and RNA to a protein. During expression gene synthesis from mRNA molecule, into which information has been transferred in the form of genetic code. This synthesis of mRNA from of the strands of the DNA molecule is called transcription. The first step in gene expression is called transcription. Two strands of DNA separate, only one them act as template for the transcription into mRNA in 5’ïÆ'  3’ direction. This strand is non coding (antisense) strand and the other stand of DNA is coding strand (sense strand). This synthesis of polypeptide chain or a protein from mRNA is called translation.... Many genes express whenever the product is required and the expression is regulated. These genes are called regulated genes. Certain genes are expressed as a function of the interaction between RNA polymerase with promoter without any regulation. Such genes are called constitutive genes. They are constantly needed for cellular activities. Flow of genetic information from DNA to protein through RNA was described by crick as central dogma of molecular biology. The studies of bacterial genetics indicate that all genes not only specify the structure of an enzyme but some of them also regulate the expression of other genes. These genes are called regulator genes. This concept of gene regulation has been studied by Franois Jacob and Jacques monod in 1961.the relationship between the nucleotide sequence of mRNA and amino acid sequence that constitute a polypeptide chain is called as genetic code. Gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster Introduction Heterochromatin was originally defined visually as the heavily staining region seen in both the meiotic and interphase nucleus (hietz 1928). The contrast between the openness of euchromantin and the compactness of the heterochromatic implied that the euchromatic is the location of most gene function and led to the neglect of heterochromatin. However, it has become increasingly clear that the nuclear genome is more than a collection of autonomous DNA sequence and that a deeper knowledge of the structure of the nucleus and the chromatin, including the heterochromatin, will contribute to our understanding of the gene expression. In Drosophila melanogaster heterochromatin accounts for approximately 30 % of the genome. Its properties have been studied since the advent

End of Confederacy and Efforts of Lincoln and Johnson Essay

End of Confederacy and Efforts of Lincoln and Johnson - Essay Example But at the same time there were views favoring the solution based on limited role of federal government in restructuring process while ensuring unity and nationwide healing policy. This suggestion was against the policy of Radical Reconstruction which was being viewed as the one based on hatred against the Southerners. The main concern of the government was that of defining its role in shaping the political, economic and social integrity of the southern states as the union forces had freed nearly four million slaves. The possibility of co-existence of freed slaves with the rest of white population in a resentful environment was more problematic than the war as it was the issue of slavery that spurred secession among southern states. In Congress, Democrats and moderate Republicans were favoring the lenient policing while the Radical Republicans were pushing for harsher program and complete intervention of federal authority in the restructuring process that should include total equality of newly freed slaves with the remaining white population. But President Lincoln was in favor of the lenient approach as he was in believe that the war itself has changed the states dramatically and more punishment would actually hinder the healing process and forward movement of the nation as a whole.

The Function of Performance Management Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Function of Performance Management - Article Example Performance management decides the basis for the future business activities and the processes that have to be given the proper budgets as well as the resources on the part of the organization. The business process reengineering (BPR) aspects are in line with how these divisions are made in the quarter of the performance management functions and boundaries. For the human resources tenet, the role of performance management is all the more vital since it has to devise ways and means through which different activities are sequenced in terms of importance, vitality, etc. Thus it is important to state here that the role of performance management does not end here, though its basis might just lessen a little bit in the financial and different departments that we consider our attention upon. However within the realms of the human resources division, the importance is made more and more essential since employees need to be appraised time and again about their performances and functioning. What this performance management system does is to ensure that the right people get the bonuses, incentives and so on as well as point out the ones who have fallen short on the company's expectations over a period of time. This would help in giving them rewards and incentives which will eventually make one and all happy at the end. Also this will continue their desire to achieve more and more within a specified period of time and thus come into the good books of the company. In return, they can be given all these rewards so that they could be encouraged in line with their work attitudes. Moreover, the people who lag behind with regards to their work schedules and dedication levels will stand up and take notice and thus would want to be counted as the effective and efficient ones within the company as well. The role of organizations in the maintenance of these systems is also very paramount. The difference from the annual appraisals and so on lies in the fact that the traditional manner of doing things relies more on the basis of paper work where a lot of time, effort and money is rather wasted to state the least. The role played by the organizations in advancing their performance management systems is immense since a lot of the population depends on them for their needs and wants. This is met in a fair manner courtesy the E-government initiative adopted by several different companies and organizations. All such innovations which help and facilitate the related process must indeed be given thumbs up since these try to solve the miseries of the people and it is because of these people that the performance management systems are put into place originally. This further pinpoints the fact that the deployment of an efficient performance management system policy within the organization would indeed help it to essentially tackle its internal issues in a better and more effectiv e manner possible. There is a lot of growth potential for the sales force to be automated in the business to business environments since performance management systems are in place, more so because the business to business scenarios boost a trend of interaction in between the channel members no matter which marketplace they hail from. This could either

Non Verbal Communication Skills in the Workplace

Non Verbal Communication Skills in the Workplace Given todays technology-driven communication systems, people have fewer face-to-face interactions. As a result, it is crucial to maximize their impact. Dr. Gorman provides a valuable guide for doing just that by helping the reader understand how the nonverbal aspects of a conversation often say much more than the verbal ones. Jon Peters, President, The Institute for Management Studies. It is well-known that body language refers to nonverbal mode of communication. On scientific analysis, it has been found that the different aspects of communication comprise 55% bodily movements and gestures, 38% vocal tone and only 7% words or verbal communication. It is thus clear that about 93% of communication is nonverbal, as many times, words are inadequate. This shows that correct use of body language serves as an effective nonverbal communication tool to convince fellow-workers at workplace, as well as family and friends, eventually leading to overall organizational success through self-development. It further leads to personal and professional growth of an employee, ultimately benefiting the organization. An attempt has, therefore, been made in this paper to discuss the importance, modes and effective use of body language in successful organizational development (Rane, 2010). A thorough understanding of the role that body language plays in our day-to-day business activities is vital. Executives, managers, and salespeople who arent reading the clear signals of others or who dont have a clue how their own nonverbal communication is sabotaging their efforts. At a time when it is widely recognized that professional success is achieved with or through other people, the power of, and the need for, good interpersonal skills couldnt be greater (Gorman, 2008). 1. Nonverbal Communication: Definition. Any form of  communication  that is not expressed in words.  Nonverbal  communication  is estimated to make up 65-90% of all  communication, and understanding, interpreting, and using it are essential skills.  Forms of  nonverbal  communication  include actions and behaviour such as silence, failure or slowness to respond to a message, and lateness in arriving for a meeting.  Body language is also an important part of  nonverbal  communication. Nonverbal  elements of  communication  may reinforce or contradict a verbal message (Bloomsbury Business Library Business Management Dictionary; 2007, p5154-5154, 1p). Body language is like a computer. Everybody knows what it is, but most of us are never exactly sure how it works. Thats because the process of receiving and decoding nonverbal communication is often done without our conscious awareness. It simply happens. Human beings are genetically programmed to look for facial and behavioural cues and to quickly understand their meaning. We see someone gesture and automatically (Gorman, 2008). Everyone knows someone who can walk into a room full of people and within minutes give an accurate description about the relationships between those people and what they are feeling. The ability to read a persons attitudes and thoughts by their behaviour was the original communication system used by humans before spoken language evolved. Before radio was invented, most communication was done in writing through books, letters, and newspapers, which meant that ugly politicians and poor speakers such as Abraham Lincoln could be successful if they persisted long enough and wrote good print copy. The radio era gave openings to people who had a good command of the spoken word, like Winston Churchill, who spoke wonderfully but may have struggled to achieve as much in todays more visual era. Todays politicians understand that politics is about image and appearance, and most high-profile politicians now have personal body-language consultants to help them come across as being sincere, caring, and honest, especially when theyre not. It seems almost incredible that, over the thousands of years of our evolution, body language has been actively studied on any scale only since the 1960s and that most of the public has become aware of its existence only since the book  Body Language  was published in 1978. Yet most people believe that speech is still our main form of communication. Speech has been part of our communication repertoire only in recent times in evolutionary terms, and is mainly used to convey facts and data. Speech probably first developed between two million and five hundred thousand years ago, during which time our brain tripled its size. Before then, body language and sounds made in the throat were the main forms of conveying emotions and feelings, and that is still the case today. But because we focus on the words people speak, most of us are largely uninformed about body language, let alone its importance in our lives (Pease, 2008). Body language is also known as  kinesics.  A pioneer in the field, Ray Birdwhistell (Ray L. Birdwhistell, Kinesics and Context. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970, p. 80.), writes, The isolation of gestures and the attempt to understand them led to the most important findings of kinesic research. This original study of gestures gave the first indication that kinesic structure is parallel to language structure. By the study of gestures in context, it became clear that the kinesic system has forms which are astonishingly like words in language. Researchers have observed people involved in the communication process. They have studied body language and other nonverbal behaviour, and they have then related or identified these actions with actual content of the message being transmitted. 2. Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication. There are several ways in which the nonverbal behaviour is seen clearly related to verbal behaviour. This relationship is one of dependence and also of independence. There are nonverbal communicative acts that are easily and accurately translated into words. Several gestures clearly illustrate this relationship. For example, the gesture of folded hands for namaste, the gesture of handshake, a smile, a frown, etc., are generally translatable into words. There is also a class of nonverbal acts that are very much a part of speech and serves the function of emphasis. Examples are head and hand movements that occur more frequently with words, and phrases of emphasis. There are acts which draw pictures of the referents tracing the contour of an object or person referred to verbally. Yet another class of acts is employed for displaying the effects (feelings). Another class refers to acts that help to initiate and terminate the speech of participants in a social situation. These regulators m ight suggest to a speaker that he keep talking, that he clarify, or that he hurry up and finish (Ekman and Friesen, 1969). There are the ways in which the relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication can be characterized. These are as follows: -The relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication is one of the latter playing a supplementary role to the former. The nonverbal acts that are supplementary to verbal acts may precede or follow or be simultaneous with the verbal acts. For example, in many verbal acts one notices an accompaniment of one or more nonverbal acts, such as gestures, facial expressions, and movement towards or away from the addressee, to illumine the meaning of the former. While for any verbal acts such an accompaniment may only be considered redundant, for several others, such and accompaniment explicitness, clarity, emphasis, discrimination and reinforcement. -The relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication is also one of the former playing a supplementary role to the latter. In many verbal acts, both in children and adults, in normals with all the linguistic organs intact, and normal with some handicap to the linguistic organs, as well as in abnormal individuals, nonverbal acts may take precedence over the verbal acts in several ways. In the normal with all the linguistic organs intact, occasions demand the use of nonverbal acts such as pantomime and gestures for aesthetic purposes, and for purposes of coded (secret) communication. Indulgence in nonverbal acts as primary medium is also necessitated by the distance that separates the parties which can, however, retain visual contact while engaging themselves in communication. -The relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication could be one of correspondence as well. That is, there are several nonverbal acts that can be accurately translated into words in the language of a culture in which such nonverbal acts are performed. A handshake, shaking a fist at someone, a smile, and frown, etc., are all nonverbal acts translatable into verbal medium in a particular language. The functions of these nonverbal acts, context to context, are also codified in aesthetic nonverbal acts, such as dance, sculpture and other arts. The correspondence is sometimes translatable into words, sometimes into phrases and sentences, and several times translatable into compressed episodes involving lengthy language discourses. But the correspondence is there all the same and the import of this correspondence is shared between individuals within a community. There is also yet another correspondence of nonverbal acts in the sense that similar nonverbal acts could mean different things in different cultures. -Yet another relationship between a verbal act and a nonverbal act is one of dependence. A verbal act may depend for its correct interpretation entirely on a nonverbal act. Likewise a nonverbal act may depend for its correct interpretation entirely on a verbal act. In extreme circumstances, the former is caused because of deliberate distortion of the verbal act, or because of the difficulty in listening clearly to the verbal act, or because of the difficulty in reading with clarity what is intended to be read in the written verbal message. Deliberate distortion is not found only in contrived acts such as poetry or drama. It is done in day to day language itself. Distortion and opacity of the verbal message are also required in certain socio-cultural contexts wherein it is demanded that verbal acts be suppressed and made dependent on nonverbal acts. The dominant nonverbal acts also depends on verbal acts for clarity. This dependence also depends on verbal acts for clarity. It also occ urs in daily life. -Verbal and nonverbal acts can be independent of one another. Something is communicated through a verbal act. The continued manifestation of this communicative act may be in the form of nonverbal acts. That is, in a single communicative act, part of the message may be in verbal form and the rest in nonverbal, in an alternating way. Each part is independent of the other. This is contrived in poetry and drama. It is also found in every day life. An extreme form of this independence is the gulf that we notice between what one says and what one does. Also prevarication both in word and deed derives its strength, among others, from this feature. -Another relationship between verbal and nonverbal acts in one of non-relevance. This is most commonly found in normal adult speech and its accompanying gestures which are produced simply without any communicative intent. We move our hands, snap our fingers, move our bodies while speaking, with these gestures having no relevance to the speech we make. When this non-relevance between verbal and nonverbal acts found in normal is shifted to non-relevance or irrelevance within the ingle domain, within speech itself or within nonverbal act itself (during which coherence in speech or act is lost), we start considering the individual abnormal in some way. That is, non-relevance across the verbal and nonverbal media is normal, but non-relevance within a single medium is abnormal. The non-relevance is idiosyncratic and could be imitational as well. In the normal the excessive non-relevance of nonverbal acts accompanying speech comes to hamper the understanding of the verbal acts. 3. Types of Nonverbal Communication and Their Effects on Business. The types of nonverbal communication are almost limitless. However, there are the types that are most applicable to business communications: facial expressions and eye contact, other body movements and gestures, clothing and personal appearance, distance and personal space, physical environment, and time (Hamilton, 2011). Reading faces is not just a matter of identifying static expressions but also of noticing how faces subtly begin to change. People in face-to-face exchanges watch each others expressions to gauge reactions to whats being said and heard. Even when some words are missed, observing the expression on a speakers face can help the listener follow a conversation (Goman, 2008). The smile is a very potent form of facial expression. It opens the door to communication.  A natural, pleasant smile carries great significance in establishing and sustaining human  relationships, be they in a family, society, community or a business organization. Significance of smiling is beautifully brought out in the saying, You are never fully  dressed unless you wear a smile. Smile speaks the language of love, compassion,  sincerity, courtesy, confidence and dependability. A smile emits positive signals. A smile  can create a favourable impact and earn goodwill. All the same, it is also true that all  smiles are not genuine. In the service industry, the sales force is specifically taught to  cultivate genuine smiles and smile liberally in their day-to-day transactions with  colleagues and customers (Marwijk,2002). The eyes have been described as the gateway to the soul. They speak in the most revealing and accurate language because of the vast amount of information they convey about internal processes (Gorman, 2008). Probably everyone has had some experience with eyes as nonverbal communicators. Most of us have been stared at and have wondered why. Was it curiosity or ill manners? Or perhaps the starter had poor vision and was merely trying to get us in focus. But then there is the possibility the observer found us attractive and interesting and was issuing an invitation to get better acquainted. Most of us have decoded eye language even if we did not know about body language or nonverbal communication. There are numerous messages that can be sent with the eyes, but the stare is the most important technique a person has. In our culture one does not stare at another person-one stares at things. Therefore, a stare can have a devastating effect because it reduces a person to nonhuman status. There is an endless number of messages which can be sent when one thinks of eyes combined with different positions and movements of the eyelids and eyebrows. As with all forms of nonverbal communication, messages sent by the eyes should be decoded in terms of the words accompanying them (Marwijk, 2002). Daniel was well qualified (overqualified, in fact) for the job he was seeking, so when he didnt get hired he was shocked. But when Daniel called the recruiter who sent him out, he was told, You were fabulous in all the technical aspects, but you freaked out the interviewer because you couldnt look her in the eye (Goman, 2008). How can anyone hope to communicate without using hands and arms? And even legs are for something besides walking. No doubt each of us knows someone who talks with his or her hands. Some people punctuate communications with such extravagant gestures that it is extremely dangerous to get too close to their nonverbal exclamations. Do you know people who during a conversation or a card game drum or tap incessantly with their finger tips? Are there people you know who constantly click the on-off switch of their ballpoint pens? Do you know people who frequently pop their knuckles? Do you notice individuals who tap their feet, who cross and uncross their legs, or who cross their legs and then swing their crossed legs back and forth? What do these nonverbal messages tell you? Is the person nervous? Insecure? Bored? Thinking? Happy? Craving attention? A nuisance? Perhaps the messages mean nothing. On the other hand, if nonverbal signs reveal the emotional side of a communication, it is often important for you to try to determine what message is being transmitted along with the verbal one. Sometimes they are the same; other times they are drastically different. Many people are devoting their entire life to the study of body language. Body language is an interesting, fascinating area of nonverbal communication; much remains to be learned about it. By becoming a better observer, by sharpening your powers of perception, and by knowing as much as possible about your audience (decoders), you should be able to translate more accurately nonverbal and verbal messages (Marwijk, 2002). Elements such as physique, height, weight, hair, skin colour, gender, odours, and clothing send nonverbal messages during interaction. For example, a study, carried out in  Vienna,  Austria, of the clothing worn by women attending discothà ¨ques showed that in certain groups of women (especially women who were in town without their partners) motivation for sex, and levels of sexual hormones, were correlated with aspects of the clothing, especially the amount of skin displayed, and the presence of sheer clothing, e.g. at the arms. Thus, to some degree, clothing sent signals about interest in courtship. Research into height has generally found that taller people are perceived as being more impressive. Melamed Bozionelos (1992) studied a sample of managers in the UK and found that height was a key factor affecting who was promoted. Often people try to make themselves taller, for example, standing on a platform, when they want to make more of an impact with their speaking. Environmental factors such as  furniture, architectural style,  interior decorating, lighting conditions, colours, temperature, noise, and music affect the behaviour of communicators during interaction. The furniture itself can be seen as a nonverbal message. Proxemics  is the study of how people use and perceive the physical space around them. The space between the sender and the receiver of a message influences the way the message is interpreted The perception and use of space varies significantly across cultures and different settings within cultures. Space in nonverbal communication may be divided into four main categories: intimate, social, personal, and public space. The term territoriality is still used in the study of proxemics to explain human behavior regarding personal space.  Hargie Dickson identify 4 such territories: Primary territory: this refers to an area that is associated with someone who has exclusive use of it. For example, a house that others cannot enter without the owners permission. Secondary territory: unlike the previous type, there is no right to occupancy, but people may still feel some degree of ownership of a particular space. For example, someone may sit in the same seat on train every day and feel aggrieved if someone else sits there. Public territory: this refers to an area that is available to all, but only for a set period, such as a parking space or a seat in a library. Although people have only a limited claim over that space, they often exceed that claim. For example, it was found that people take longer to leave a parking space when someone is waiting to take that space. Interaction territory: this is space created by others when they are interacting. For example, when a group is talking to each other on a footpath, others will walk around the group rather than disturb it. When we discuss space in a nonverbal context, we mean the space between objects and people. Space is often associated with social rank and is an important part of business communication. Who gets the corner office? Why is the head of the table important and who gets to sit there? As the context of a staircase has norms for nonverbal behavior, so does the public speaking context. In North America, eye contact with the audience is expected. Big movements and gestures are not generally expected and can be distracting. The speaker occupies a space on the stage, even if its in front of the class. When you occupy that space, the audience will expect to behave in certain ways. If you talk to the screen behind you while displaying a PowerPoint presentation, the audience may perceive that you are not paying attention to them. Speakers are expected to pay attention to, and interact with, the audience, even if in the feedback is primarily nonverbal. Your movements should coordinate with the ton e, rhythm, and content of your speech. Pacing back and forth, keeping your hands in your pockets, or crossing your arms may communicate nervousness, or even defensiveness, and detract from your speech (Scott McLean, 2008). Do you know what time it is? How aware you are of time varies by culture and normative expectations of adherence (or ignorance) of time. Some people, and the communities and cultures they represent, are very time-oriented. The Euro Railways trains in Germany are famous for departing and arriving according to the schedule. In contrast, if you take the train in Argentina, youll find that the schedule is more of an approximation of when the train will leave or arrive. When you give a presentation, does your audience have to wait for you? Time is a relevant factor of the communication process in your speech. The best way to show your audience respect is to honour the time expectation associated with your speech. Always try to stop speaking before the audience stops listening; if the audience perceives that you have gone over time, they will be less willing to listen. This in turn will have a negative impact on your ability to communicate your message. Chronemics  is the study of how we refer to and perceive time. Tom Bruneau at Radford University has spent a lifetime investigating how time interacts in communication and culture. As he notes, across Western society, time is often considered the equivalent of money. The value of speed is highly prized in some societies.  In others, there is a great respect for slowing down and taking a long-term view of time. When you order a meal at a fast food restaurant, what are your expectations for how long you will have to wait? When you order a pizza online for delivery, when do you expect it will arrive? If you order cable service for your home, when do you expect it might be delivered? In the first case, you might measure the delivery of a hamburger in a matter of seconds or minutes, and perhaps thirty minutes for pizza delivery, but you may measure the time from your order to working cable in days or even weeks. You may even have to be at your home from 8 a.m. to noon, waiting for its installation. The expectations vary by context, and we often grow frustrated in a time-sensitive culture when the delivery does not match our expectations. Across cultures the value of time may vary. Some Mexican American friends may invite you to a barbecue at 8 p.m., but when you arrive you are the first guest, because it is understood that the gathering actually doesnt start until after 9 p.m. Similarly in France, an 8 p.m. party invitation would be understood to indicate you should arrive around 8:30, but in Sweden 8 p.m. means 8 p.m., and latecomers may not be welcome. Some Native Americans, particularly elders, speak in well-measured phrases and take long pauses between phrases. They do not hurry their speech or compete for their turn, knowing no one will interrupt them. Some Orthodox Jews observe religious days when they do not work, cook, drive, or use electricity. People around the world have different ways of expressing value for time (Bruneau, 1976). 4. Improving Nonverbal Skills The words that you say in a conversation are only a small part of what you communicate to another person. Your tone and body language play a much larger role in what you are communicating to another person. For example, the words great job can be taken as a sincere compliment or as a sarcastic barb, depending upon the nonverbal skills used. If you are saying the right words but not backing them up with your nonverbal skills, then you are not going to be a very effective communicator. Here is how to improve nonverbal skills. -Recognize that nonverbal skills are a very important part of communication. The way that you position your body and the voice tone that you use during a conversation can speak even louder than the actual words coming out of your mouth. By improving your nonverbal skills, you can become a much more effective communicator in all areas of your life. -Make eye contact. The fastest way to improve your nonverbal skills is to make eye contact with the other person during a conversation. By making eye contact, you are connecting with that person, which makes it much easier for both of you to understand each other. When your eyes are wandering during a conversation, you are sending the nonverbal message that you are not invested in the conversation. -Pay attention to your tone. Most of us have had the misfortune of sitting through a speech in which powerful words were killed because the speaker was clearly bored, which made what could have been a dynamic speech unbearably boring. If you want to motivate another person, you need to put some energy into your speech. If you want to put another person in his place, use a deeper and more firm voice. Use your tone to energize your words. -Watch your body language. The way you position your body during a conversation speaks volumes, and you can use the way you position yourself to improve your nonverbal skills. If you want to end a conversation sooner, make of point of looking at your watch, which says, I have somewhere else that I need to be. If you want to be in a power position during a conversation, stand while the other person remains seated. If you want to communicate that you are open to the other persons ideas, then uncross your arms. -Pay attention to other peoples nonverbal cues. When you are in a meeting, observe two people talking with each other. Notice the tone of their voices and the positions of their bodies. You can often tell who is going to win a disagreement based upon the nonverbal body language used. -Incorporate effective nonverbal skills into your own communication style. When you see another person use a nonverbal skill effectively, try to incorporate that nonverbal skill into your own communication style. For example, if you see a person effectively raise his eyebrows in a way that sends the message, I really do not believe you, without having to say a word, then incorporate that nonverbal skill into your own way of communicating when you are in a similar situation. -Practice improving your nonverbal skills. At first, you might feel self-conscious as you start focusing on your nonverbal skills. However, with a little practice, your nonverbal skills will become second nature, and other people will be learning from you (Marwijk, 2002). 5. Conclusion Nonverbal communication variables play a major role in affecting the meaning of messages in business communication contexts. Consequently, business communicators need to have a general understanding of nonverbal communication and to recognize how such behaviors as body posture and movement, eye contact, facial expression, seating arrangement, vocal cues, spatial relationships, and personal appearance affect the ways their verbal messages are received by others. Quite often nonverbal communication provides metacommunication, or communication about communication, serving to repeat, contradict, substitute, complement, accent, and regulate verbal communication. If business communicators want to ascribe meaning to others nonverbal behaviors, they should take care to interpret the nonverbal message in its proper context, realizing that people respond differently to different stimuli and that some nonverbal behaviors vary in meaning across cultures. Businessmen can apply their understanding of nonverbal communication to personal interviews to show their true feelings of immediacy, potency, and responsiveness, to relax others, and to achieve maximum effect from the interview situation. They can also observe and adjust seating arrangement, room decor, and eye contact between group members to increase productivity at conferences and in small group discussions.

6 Months Later :: essays research papers

6 Months Later Now that Lennie is out of the way, I guess that I can actually do something with my life. But, It's been 6 months since leaving the farm and I still don't have a job. Oh, here's a sign. A mentally handicapped hospital needs an attendant. I can do that, and it pays well too. $150 a month. "At that rate, I'll be able to get that land soon enough. Ain't that right," I asked Candy? "We sure are," he replied with enthusiasm. As we stepped into the complex, the first thing I saw was the reception desk with a young, pretty, receptionist sitting behind the desk, polishing her nails. Lennie would have enjoyed watching her I pondered. She asked us what we wanted, and I told her that we were just here to find out 'bout the job. After getting a quick overview and job description, I was ready to work right away. Candy was also lucky enough to get hired as a nurse for $100 a month. I stepped into the bedroom and I saw about 25 kids sitting around a middle-aged man, listening to a story. As I stepped in, the story teller stepped over to me and told me what I had to do. Educate them and talk to them. That was it. I was getting paid $150 just to teach a group of handicapped kids. I sat down next to the story teller, Bob, and I looked around and carefully observed them. As I did this, I could see Lennie's face flashing in my mind. What was happening to me. Why couldn't he just leave me alone. I survived through my first day of work, reluctantly. The hospital also provided housing. That night, I had the most horrible dream of my life. I could see Lennie petting hundreds of rabbits, one at a time. But he was crying and screaming in rage. The rabbits were dying. "George, why do they die? Don't let them die George, please. Can I still tend the rabbits? I know I done a bad thing," exclaimed Lennie. I got up, screaming. "Lennie, please leave me alone, please," I asked. It was silent. Nobody was awake. I looked like a complete nut with all those kids, including Candy, staring at me. Candy just went back to sleep. He was the only one that could understand the pain that I was going through. This happened to me several nights after the first nightmare. Each one would consist of rabbits, lots of them, and Lennie.

Australian English

1. Australian English (AusE, AuE, AusEng, en-AU) is the name given to the group of dialects spoken in Australia that form a major variety of the English language. Australian English began to diverge from  British English soon after the foundation of the  Colony of  New South Wales in  1788. The history of Australian English starts with kangaroo (1770) and Captain James Cook’s glossary of local words used in negotiations with the Endeavour River tribes. The language was pidgin. 2. Varieties of Australian English. Most linguists consider there to be three main varieties of Australian English.These are ? Broad; ? General; ? Cultivated Australian English. General Australian English is the  stereotypical variety of Australian English. It is the variety of English used by the majority of Australians and it dominates the accents found in contemporary Australian-made films and television programs. Examples include actors  Russell Crowe, Hugh Jackman,  Nicole Kidman. 3. Broad Australian English is the  archetypal and most recognizable variety. It is familiar to English speakers around the world because of its use in identifying Australian characters in non-Australian  films  and  television  programs.Examples include television personalities  Steve Irwin and  Dame Edna Everage, Pauline Hanson. 3. Cultivated Australian English has many similarities to  British  Received Pronunciation, and is often mistaken for it. Cultivated Australian English is now spoken by less than 10% of the population. Examples include actors  Judy Davis, Robert Hughes,  Geoffrey Rush. 4. The aboriginal vocabulary, which is one of the trademarks of Australian English, included billabong (a waterhole), jumbuck (a sheep), corroboree (an assembly), boomerang (a curved throwing stick), and budgerigar (from budgeree, â€Å"good† and gar, â€Å"parrot†). . The number of Aboriginal words in Australian English is quite small and is confined to the namings of plants (like bindieye and calombo), trees (like boree, banksia, quandong and mallee), birds (like currawong, galah and kookaburra), animals (like wallaby and wombat) and fish (like barramindi). 6. As in North America, when it comes to place-names the Aboriginal influence was much greater: with a vast continent to name, about a third of all Australian place-names are Aboriginal. The Aborigines also adopted words from maritime pidgin English, words like piccaninny and bilong (belong).They used familiar pidgin English variants like talcum and catchum. The most famous example is gammon, an eighteenth-century Cockney word meaning â€Å"a lie†. 7. Non-aboriginal Vocabulary. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the Australian population were either convicts, ex-convicts or of convict descent. The convict argot was called â€Å"flash† language, and James Hardy Vaux published a collection of it in 1812, the New and Comprehensive Vocabulary of the F lash Language. Most of the words and phrases Vaux listed remained confined to convict circles and have not passed in the main stream of Australian English.There are a few exceptions, of which the best known is swag meaning â€Å"a bundle of personal belongings† in standard Australian. Swagman, billy, jumbuck, tucker-bag and coolibah tree are early Australianisms. 8. The roots of Australian English lie in the South and East of England, London, Scotland and Ireland. To take just a few examples, words like corker, dust-up, purler and tootsy all came to Australia from Ireland; billy comes from the Scottish bally, meaning â€Å"a milk pail†. A typical Australianism like fossick, meaning â€Å"to search unsystematically†, is a Cornish word.Cobber came from the Suffolk verb to cob, â€Å"to take a liking to someone†. Tucker is widely used for â€Å"food†. Clobber has Romany roots and is originally recorded in Kent as clubbered up, meaning â€Å"dressed u p†. 9. Some elements of Aboriginal languages, as has already been mentioned, have been incorporated into Australian English, mainly as names for the indigenous flora and fauna (e. g. dingo, kangaroo), as well as extensive borrowings for place names. Beyond that, very few terms have been adopted into the wider language.A notable exception is Cooee (a musical call which travels long distances in the bush and is used to say â€Å"is there anyone there? †). Although often thought of as an Aboriginal word, didgeridoo/didjeridu (a well-known wooden musical instrument) is actually an onomatopoeic term coined by an English settler. 10. Australian English has a unique set of diminutives formed by adding -o or -ie (-y) to the ends of (often abbreviated) words. There does not appear to be any particular pattern to which of these suffixes is used.Examples with the -o ending include abo (aborigine – very offensive), aggro (aggressive), ambo (ambulance office), arvo (afternoo n), avo (avocado), bizzo (business), bottleo (bottle shop/liquor store), compo (compensation), dero (homeless person), devo (deviant/pervert), doco (documentary), evo (evening), fisho (fishmonger), fruito (fruiterer) 11. arbo (garbage collector) vejjo (vegetarian) gyno (gynaecologist), journo (journalist), kero (kerosene), metho (methylated spirits), milko (milkman), Nasho (National Service –military service), reffo (refugee), rego (vehicle registration), Salvo (member of the Salvation Army), servo (service station/gas station), smoko (smoke or coffee/tea break), thingo (thing, whadjamacallit), 2. Examples of the -ie (-y) ending include aggie (student of agricultural science) Aussie (Australian) barbie (barbeque), beautie (beautiful) bikkie (biscuit), bitie (biting insect), blowie (blowfly), bookie (bookmaker), brekkie (breakfast), brickie (bricklayer), Bushie (someone who lives in the bush), chewie (chewing gum), chokkie (chocolate), Chrissie (Christmas), exy (expensive) 13 . reenie (environmentalist), kindie (kindergarten), lippy (lipstick), vedgie (vegetable) mozzie (mosquito), oldies (parents), possie (position), postie (postman), prezzie (present), rellie (sometimes relo – relative), sickie (day off sick from work), sunnies (sunglasses), surfy (surfing fanatic), swaggie (swagman), trackies (track suit), truckie (truck driver), 14. Occasionally, a -za diminutive is used, usually for personal names. Barry becomes Bazza, Karen becomes Kazza and Sharon becomes Shazza. There are also a lot of abbreviations in Australian English without any suffixes. Examples of these are the words beaut (great, beautiful), deli (delicatessen), hoon (hooligan), nana (banana), roo (kangaroo), uni (university) ute (utility truck or vehicle) 15. American Influence.In the middle of the century, the hectic years of the gold rush in Australia drew prospectors from California to the hills of New South Wales, bringing with them a slew of Americanisms to add to the Aust ralian lexicon. The invasion of American vogue words marked the beginning of tension in Australia between the use of British English and American English. 16. Should an Australian say biscuit or cookie, nappy or diaper, lorry or truck? The answer seems to be that Australian English, like its British ancestor (and like Canadian English), borrows freely according to preference, but on the other hand the British influence is much greater in Australia than in Canada. So Australians get water from a tap not a faucet, but tend to ride in elevators as well as lifts. 17. Their cars run on petrol not gas, but they drive on freeways not motorways.American influence is evident in such words as caucus (in politics), sedan (BrE saloon), station wagon (BrE estate car), truck (BrE lorry), high school (BrE secondary school). On the other hand British English influence is evident in class (AmE grade), cinema (AmE movies), boot (AmE trunk). With foodstuffs Australian English tends to be more closely related again to the British vocabulary, e. g. biscuit for the American cookie. 18. However, in a few cases such as zucchini, snow pea and eggplant Australian English uses the same terms as the Americans, whereas the British use the equivalent French terms courgette, mange-tout and do not care whether eggplant or aubergine is used.This is possibly due to a fashion that emerged in mid-nineteenth century Britain of adopting French nouns for foodstuffs, and hence the usage changed in Britain while the original terms were preserved in the (ex-)colonies. (For some uncertain reason, Australia uses the botanical name capsicum for what both the British and the Americans would call (red or green) pepper. ) Finally, the oddest of all borrowings from America is kangaroo court. 19. Australian English Worldwide. In the 1980s Australian English has hit the international headlines. Films like Gallipoli and My Brilliant Career have won critical acclaim and found large audiences in the United Kingd om and the United States. The â€Å"New Australians† (Turks, Yugoslavs, Sri Lankans and Italians) influenced on the language (pizza, kebab).There is not and cannot be any doubt that there is a great respect for Australian English in the English-speaking world. 20. [pic] 21. Australian Vocabulary These are the best-known Australianisms in the English-speaking world. [pic] 22. [pic] 23. Australia, Great Britain, and America all speak the same language, but you simply have to visit each country to realize that, while they all speak English, it is far from a universal language. The English spoken in Great Britain, America, and Australia has many similarities, but a surprising number of differences as well. The main reason for this is the vast distance between each country.Here are some of the common differences you will find between these three versions of English. Pronunciation between the three types of English is very dissimilar. †¢ In American English the â€Å"r† at the end of the word almost always affects its pronunciation, whereas in Australian and British English the â€Å"r† is often silent. 24. Also, the emphasis placed on the syllables of the word varies from British, Australian, and American English. In Britain, the world adult has the emphasis on the first syllable, whereas in America it is placed on the second half of the word. Australian English is unique in the fact that many words have sounds that are eliminated. †¢ Instead of saying good day, the Australian speaker says g'day.The main pronunciation difference between the three, however, is the pronunciation of the vowel sounds. 25. Differences in Spelling Not only do the three types of English sound different, but they are also spelled differently. In some ways, the spelling reflects the difference in pronunciation. o For instance, Americans use the world airplane to refer to a flying mode of transportation. o In Great Britain, the word is aeroplane, and it is pr onounced with an audible â€Å"o† sound. o Another common difference in spelling is aluminium, which is the UK spelling, and aluminum, the US spelling. Again, the difference shows the difference in pronunciation of the two words.In this instance the Australian spelling is the same as the UK spelling. 26. Another common spelling difference between UK English and American English is the use of -our verses -or at the end of the word. ? For instance, in the UK, colour, flavour, honour, and similar words all end in -our, whereas in America they are spelled with the -or ending (color, flavor, honor). In Australia, the -our spelling is almost universal. 27. Similarly, the endings -re and -re are different between the different English dialects. In America you will go to the theater or fitness center, whereas in Britain you will visit the theatre or fitness centre. Again, Australian English follows the British pattern. 28.There are other common spelling differences as well. For insta nce, in American English, words that sound as though they end with an -ize will always end in an -ize. However, in UK English, they typically end in ise (i. e. realize, realise). Also, British English often doubles consonants when adding a suffix when American English does not, such as in the world traveller. 29. Interestingly, the three languages also have distinct vocabularies. For instance, the â€Å"hood† of a car is called the â€Å"bonnet† in Australia and Britain. Australia has several terms that are not used in either of the other countries, such as â€Å"bloke† (man) and â€Å"arvo† (afternoon).Also, Australians use some phrases that are combinations of British and American terms, such as â€Å"rubbish truck. † Rubbish is commonly used in the UK, and truck is commonly used in America. 30. Grammar As with American English, but unlike British English, collective nouns are almost always singular in construction, i. e. the government was unab le to decide as opposed to the government were unable to decide. Shan't and the use of should as in I should be happy if†¦ , common in British English, are almost never encountered in Australian English. 31. While prepositions before days may be omitted in American English, i. e. She resigned Thursday, they must be retained in Australian English: She resigned on Thursday. Ranges of dates use to, i. e.Monday to Friday, as with British English, rather than Monday through Friday in American English. 32. River follows the name of the river in question as in North America, i. e. Brisbane River, rather than the British convention of coming before the name, e. g. River Thames. When saying or writing out numbers, and is inserted before the tens and units, i. e. one hundred and sixty-two, as with British practice. However Australians, like Americans, are more likely to pronounce numbers such as 1200 as twelve hundred, rather than one thousand two hundred. As with American English, on th e weekend and studied medicine are used rather than the British at the weekend and read medicine. [pic] [pic]